Subcontracting by stealth in London’s hotels: impacts and implications for labour organising. Just Labor: A Canadian journal of work and society
Bibliographic record
Abstract
he British economy has undergone marked changed in the last three decades or so. Restructuring driven by a neoliberal political economic agenda has led to the demise of manufacturing as the key sector of the economy and its replacement with producer and consumer services. This shift has been accompanied by a reconfiguration of labour markets, entailing a polarisation of the workforce in terms of both skills and earnings (Sassen 1996; Goos and Manning 2003). The growing globalisation of markets has in turn intensified the pressure on firms to improve their competitiveness, prompting a relentless search for ways of cutting down on labour costs. T In Britain, Conservative governments from the late 1970s to the mid-1990s sought to improve the competitiveness of the economy through labour market deregulation, enacting legislation to reduce employment protection and remove workers ’ rights, at the same time as taking measures to weaken trade union organisation. This paved the way for the growth of non-standard forms of work. The rise in part-time, temporary and agency work, along with labour subcontracting, explains how employers have been able to hire workers to do similar work on differentiated pay rates, working hours and
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.025 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".