Environment Activism or National Security Threat? Policy Options for Addressing Radical Environmental Targeting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ecoterrorism – radical violent or destructive acts committed for environmental motives or on environmental targets – has been an under-studied domestic security concern in Canada. The seemingly intractable conflict between energy needs and environmental concerns, as exemplified by the recent series of pipeline bombings in northeastern British Columbia, has served to highlight the need for strategic thinking about this emerging threat. The question needs to be asked: who is responsible for responding to these kinds of security threats? The "'Canada First ' Defense strategy " lists terrorism response as one of the 6 core missions of the Canadian military. Does their mandate therefore extend to eco-terrorism, or are such acts better addressed as cases of civil disobedience, under the purview of the police and judiciary? We must consider the likely effectiveness of military responses for securing Canadian energy sources, particularly in the context of concerns about transnational as well as domestic eco-terrorists. This paper addresses this question and provides sets of scenarios to help guide the discussion regarding the kinds of security responses that are both necessary and feasible to address the security problem of eco-terrorism. ii
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.024 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".