ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS Radar observations of the Leonids: 1964–1995
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. Activity of the Leonid meteor stream is analyzed from radar data collected in the Czech Republic over a 30-year interval and Canada from 1964–1967. The shower shows pronounced activity during the 1964–1967 time period, with large meteoroids abundant in the 1965 shower. The filament causing the 1966 Leonid storm is present in 1965, but absent in 1967. The mean activity of the shower during the interval 1970–1993 is found to be near or below the level of the sporadic background. The 1994 and 1995 showers were well above the mean activity of the 1970–1993 period and displayed heightened activity for at least one full day near maximum during each return. A reanalysis of the 1966 Leonid storm from radar records shows the radar flux profile to have a Gaussian shape and suggests a lower limit for the peak corrected flux for meteoroids brighter than magnitude +6.8 of 39±2 km −2 hour −1 using s=2.0 in agreement with visual observations which reported a peak ZHR of ≈ 150 000 at the time of the shower maximum.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".