Bibliographic record
Abstract
native to North America. Records from the late 1800’s and early 1900’s describe widespread damage to ornamental birches, especially in the Northeastern United States and Canada. In the 1920’s and 1930’s, the bronze birch borer was widely reported to be associated with dying birch trees in forests and woodlands. Today, this borer often contributes to mortality of woodland birch during severe drought or other stress. It is also an important pest of landscape birches (figure 2). The bronze birch borer occurs throughout the range of birches in Canada from Newfoundland to British Columbia but is most common in the southern portion of the provinces. In the United States, it is distributed from Maine, across the Great Lakes region to the Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington, and from Maryland to Kansas. Hosts Bronze birch borers are known to attack all native and introduced birch species, although birch susceptibility varies. Many varieties of birch species as well as numerous crosses between species are currently planted as ornamentals in North America. Although some varieties are more resistant tha n others, Figure 1. Bronze birch borer adult and two D-shaped exit holes. none are immune to birch borer attack. Generally, the white-barked birches are more susceptible than those without white bark such as river birch, sweet birch and yellow birch. Within the whitebarked birches-- paper birch and gray birch-- show more resistance than do many of the introduced species. 1
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.019 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".