IMPACT OF FUEL COMPOSITION ON EMISSIONS AND PERFORMANCE OF GTL KEROSINE BLENDS IN A CESSNA CITATION II
Bibliographic record
Abstract
International jet fuel specifications permit up to 50 % volume Fischer-Tropsch synthetic paraffinic kerosines (FT-SPKs), such as Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) Kerosine, in Jet A-1. Higher SPK-content fuels could, however, produce desirable fuels: lower density, higher SPK-content fuels may have benefits for Payload range (P/R) performance and their chemistry should improve many engine emissions. Two sets of GTL-containing Jet A-1s, with 0-50 % GTL, have been tested both in the laboratory and in a Cessna Citation II, with Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D-4 turbofan engines. Smoke Point and lower heating values (LHVs) confirm previous work that showed GTL improving performances to above and/or beyond typical Jet A-1 levels. Smoke points are sensitive to the type of aromatics in the fuel while LHVs are more affected by the total aromatics levels. Ground tests (with performance, post test inspections and emissions measurements) have been run. Specifically, one engine has been run according to ICAO power settings with the addition of cruise settings, and probes behind the engine have captured gaseous and particulate emissions. Under all conditions, fuel flow rates are lower than expected; under cruise conditions there is about a 5 % reduction for 50 % blends. Filters that remove particulates
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".