Circulated for presentation to the Canadian Political Science Association: Please
Bibliographic record
Abstract
do not cite or reproduce any part of this paper With societal security, the Copenhagen school has provided a concept that illuminates much of the conflict between states and sub-state groups, though, as their critics have pointed out, the danger of reifying the identity of these groups is all too real. How can the concept be employed without succumbing to the weaknesses associated with the reification of societal identity. This paper examines the process of Kurdish identity formation to examine how multiple actors within Kurdish society identified threats in an effort to re-construct the identity of Kurdish society. Such an approach shows that societal security can be used in conjunction with a process-driven view of identity, which avoids the criticism of reifying societal identity, and that this gives us a greater handle on conflict between these societies and their host states, and within the societies themselves. Societal Security: Applying the Concept to the Process of
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.656 | 0.281 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".