Goa, India Effect of Erosion on the Hydrogeological Behaviour of Badland Surfaces in Western
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Climatic conditions and in situ lithology govern the hydrogeological behaviour of badland surfaces in western Canada. Based on field observations, samples representing three distinct surfaces in the Avonlea badlands (60 km SSW of Regina) of Saskatchewan were collected. The influence of erosion on the engineering properties of this typical indigenous badland profile was investigated by measuring the grain size distribution (GSD) using dry sieving and wet sieving along with hydrometer analysis and estimating the soil water characteristic curves (SWCC) from the two sets of laboratory data. Results indicated that the various selected sediments respond differently to the same weather changes and that the angle of repose slopes at the site closely correspond to possible erosion patterns. Based on an increase in fines (material finer than 0.075 mm), grain size thinning was found to be highest in weathered mudrock (75%) followed by basal pediment (32%) and then by cemented sandstone (16%). The estimated air entry values (AEV) corresponding to dry sieving and wet sieving plus hydrometer analysis followed the same trend: 0.6 kPa and 2340 kPa; 1.6 kPa and 7 kPa; and 1.6 kPa and 1.6 kPa for the three materials, respectively. 1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".