ⒺShort Note Casualties Directly Caused by an Earthquake in Canada: First Contemporaneous Written Accounts from the M 6.5 Charlevoix,
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This article documents what appear to be the only deaths directly caused by an earthquake in Canada since European settlement. Canadian earthquakes are known to have caused many cases of indirect casualties (drownings from earthquake-triggered submarine slumps, heart attacks, etc.). However, direct casualties had never been documented before the close examination of the reports from the 20 October 1870, M 6.5 Charlevoix earthquake. The information contained in available docu-ments from that time period converges to two direct casualties in the Les Éboulements area, very close to the epicenter. Reports of casualties in the Quebec City newspapers, the death registry in Les Éboulements, and the intense damage suffered by the houses of the residents point towards two children being killed during, or slightly after, the earthquake. This area of Les Éboulements is not an area of deep unconsolidated deposits, suggesting a possible directivity or focusing effect for the strong ground motions. Online Material: Excerpts from documents on the impact of theM 6.5 Charlevoix earthquake in 1870.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".