Diphyllobothriasis: update on human cases, foci, patterns and sources of human infections and future considerations. Southeast Asian
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. Diphylobothriasis is a well documented disease of humans. On a world scale new infections are reported regularly, especially from Russia and parts of Japan. Globally, new species have been discovered and the etiology of the disease may be changing. Human infections appear to be in decline but it is not clear if the sources of infection are also in decline or if public health awareness has improved. In North America there has been a decline in human cases while in South America an increase in reports from fish, especially salmonids suggests high levels in these fish species. The history of human infections of Diphyllobothrium latum is primarily associated with the consumption of the northern circumpolar distributed pike and percids and is often considered a parasite of humans only. Indeed some researchers believe that D. latum was introduced to North America by northern European immigrants. The more benign human infections of D. dendriticum appears to be primarily associated with salmonids and coregonid fishes and fish eating birds. Although the early cases of diphyllobo-thriasis in the 1930s in North America came from fish originating in Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, there was general belief that it was declining in fish populations and therefore of little significance to humans in the area. However, high levels of a plerocercoid in the flesh of walleyes and pike led to rejection of commercially harvested walleye and pike in Manitoba and northern Ontario, Canada, and a financial loss to Aboriginal fishers. D. latum is widely distributed in fishes of Manitoba and is infective to humans where it is not pathogenic and has a life span up to
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".