DISPATCHES Respiratory Tract Reinfections by the New Human
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), a new member of the Paramyxoviridae family, has been recently associated with respiratory tract infections in young children. We report the case of a young, immunocompromised child who had severe lower respiratory tract infections during two consecutive winter seasons caused by genetically distinct HMPV strains. A variety of viruses—such as the influenza viruses A and B, the Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), the parainfluenza viruses, and the adenoviruses—cause seasonal respiratory tract infections in young children. Symptoms range from influenzalike illnesses to lower respiratory tract syndromes, such as bronchiolitis, croup, and pneumonitis (1–4). These viruses may also cause severe respiratory infections in immunocompromised patients (1,4). However, the cause of many cases of bronchiolitis and pneumonitis remains unknown despite the extensive use of sensitive diagnostic techniques. The human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has been recently classified as a new member of the Paramyxoviridae family based on nucleic acid sequence, gene organization, and electron microscopy findings (5–7). This virus has been reported to cause respiratory tract infections in children <5 years of age from the Netherlands (5), as well as in elderly patients from North America (7). We describe a case of recurrent HMPV respiratory tract infections, associated with genetically distinct viral strains, in an immunocompromised child. Case Report A 7-month-old girl, who had acute lymphoblastic leukemia with meningeal involvement (treated with intravenous vincristine and doxorubicin, as well as intrathecal methotrexate), was brought to the hospital on March 23, 1998, for recent onset of nasal congestion and nonproductive cough. Her medical history showed that she had recent contact with family members who had a common cold. On initial physical examination, her temperature was 38.9°C with a respiratory rate of *Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University,
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".