Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper has benefited greatly from the guidance of John Baldwin. His patience, insight and understanding have been invaluable throughout the writing process and have increased the quality and scope of the paper. Comments by Kishori Lal, Karen Wilson and Barry Mersereau were also greatly appreciated. 1 This paper shows the importance of including relative price changes and international income flows in real income measures for Canada and the US. In doing so, it examines the 1993 System of National Accounts (SNA) recommendations for calculating the trading gain. Using Kohli (2006), the apparently contradictory recommendations of the SNA 1993 are shown to be related, and are in fact equal when trade is balanced. The adjustment for trading gains is comprised of two price ratios: the terms of trade and the relative price of traded to non-traded goods. The terms of trade is the more important price ratio for both countries, and changes in the terms of trade are shown to respond to commodity price movements. The trading gain, in large part, captures the effect of commodity price cycles and shocks on these economies. A comparison of Canadian and US economic performance is subsequently performed. Relative measures of labour productivity, real GDP per capita and real GNI per capita are
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.734 | 0.386 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".