The Eastward Shift of Computer Hardware Production:
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Computer and component assembly operations tend to service each of the triad markets (the Americas, Asia and EMEA – Europe, the Middle East and Africa) from locations within each triad. Over the course of the 1990s, assembly shifted to lowercost locations within each triad region. Within the Americas, operations shifted from the US and Canada to Mexico. In Asia they shifted from Japan to Singapore and in Europe from the richer core countries to the Western EU periphery of Ireland and Scotland. Two thirds of all computers sold in Europe in the 1990s were assembled in either Ireland or Scotland. More recently the sector has been shifting again. In Asia the shift has been from Singapore to lower-cost economies such as Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines. In Europe the shift has been from Scotland and Ireland to Central and Eastern Europe. Electronics component production, meanwhile, has also been shifting eastwards – primarily to Asia. The purpose of the present paper is to chart how Ireland adjusted as computer hardware jobs shifted abroad. Contact details:
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".