Implications for the Integration of Racial Minorities in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Over the past few decades, institutional change has dramatically altered the reception of new immigrants in Canada, creating new obstacles to their employment and reducing their economic success. But what effect – if any – does institutional change have on the second-generation children of immigrants? Second generation experiences have been examined as indicators of the long-term potential for racial minority integration into Canadian society. However, realistic analysis of minority integration requires consideration of whether institutional change – related to education, labour market, government policies, and globalization – alters the experiences of successive secondgeneration cohorts, as it has for immigrants. This paper proposes an institutional model for minority integration which locates immigrant generational succession as embedded within a changing institutional structure. Current research findings on early family life, educational attainment, and labour market successes of the second generation in Canada are interpreted in light of this model. The interplay between generational succession and effects of institutional change raises significant issues for future research. Institutional Change and Emerging Cohorts
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".