Bibliographic record
Abstract
Current agricultural trade negotiations under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO) call for an elimination of export subsidies. But the current language on export subsidies in the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture omits an important implicit export subsidy in the form of price discrimination with or without revenue pooling. In either case, the export subsidy can be called ‘consumer only financed’. Two recent high profile trade disputes brought before the WTO concluded that price discrimination with or without price pooling constituted an export subsidy (WTO, 1999, 2004). As a result, both Canadian dairy and EU sugar export subsidies were deemed to be above that scheduled in the Agreement on Agriculture (AOA). The WTO rulings based their decision on cross-subsidization as defined by Tangermann (1997) where price support within quotas has the effect of covering fixed costs while above-quota production can be sold even if the price received for it covers only marginal cost of production. Tangermann (1997) also includes the export subsidy effect of revenue pooling in his definition of cross-subsidization. In this paper, we develop a general theoretical framework that identifies the elements of export subsidies with or without revenue pooling. In cases were there is no revenue pooling, we
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.048 | 0.021 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".