Executive Summary Smart Social Policy –“Making Work Pay”
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Over the past quarter century, disparities in earnings from employment have widened. The well paid have experienced earnings gains, while market incomes at the low end of the spectrum have stagnated or even declined. Almost two million adult Canadians work for less than $10 an hour – about one in six employed people. These jobs do not pay enough to support a family, yet workers face barriers to advancing their incomes. Workplace barriers occur because employers concentrate more on controlling payroll costs than they do on productivity growth and the development of skills. Public policy barriers occur because the structure of taxes and transfers can create punitive marginal effective tax rates, and the cost of high quality child care far exceeds the budget of lowpaid workers. Low-paid work is concentrated in retail trade, hotel and accommodation services, manufacturing, finance, and personal service industries. The people in these jobs are generally well-educated: 40 percent have completed high school, and 36 percent have a post-secondary diploma or degree. About 35 percent of these jobs are temporary and 36 percent are part-time. About one third of the workers are the only breadwinner in their
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".