TITLE: Methods to Screen for Hemoglobin S in Blood Donors Selected for Exchange Transfusions: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness and Guidelines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb), a protein in red blood cells (RBC), carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Hemoglobin S (HbS), a structural variant resulting from a mutation, causes RBCs to deform into a sickle shape whenever oxygen levels are low. Sickled RBCs stick together and block blood flow through small vessels, causing pain and reducing oxygen capacity. 1 When one sickle beta-globin gene is inherited along with a normal beta-globin gene, HbS is inherited in heterozygous form (HbAS) as sickle cell trait (SCT). The carrier condition is benign because the normal form of the gene produces 55 % of the body’s Hb. 2 When two sickle beta-globin genes are inherited, HbS is inherited in homozygous form (HbSS) as sickle cell disease (SCD). 2 HbS can also be inherited with HbC (HbSC) or beta thalassemia (HbS-beta thalassemia) to produce SCD. 1 RBCs of HbSS individuals contain 90 % HbS. 2 SCD results in sickle cell anemia and clinical complications including stroke, aseptic bone necrosis, serious infections, renal failure, neurological deficits, and delayed growth. 3 According to the 2001 Canadian census, over 3.7 million Canadians (12.5 % of the population) identified their ethnic origin as one known to be at increased risk of thalassemia or
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".