Bibliographic record
Abstract
Evidence for Obesogenicity of a BPA Metabolite Bisphenol A (BPA) has been implicated as an obesogen, a com-pound that alters lipid metabolism, promoting development of adipocytes (fat cells) and accumulation of fat.1,2 BPA is quickly converted in the body to its main metabolite, BPA β-D-glucuronide (BPA-G), which has been thought to be biologically inactive.3 But a study reported in this issue of EHP indicates that BPA-G, like its parent compound BPA, can induce precursor cells called preadipo-cytes to develop into mature fat cells.4 In one experiment the researchers treated mouse preadipocytes with 10 μM of BPA-G. This resulted in a significant increase in fat accumulation and stimulated protein expression of three adipogenic markers—lipoprotein lipase, aP2, and adipsin—in the mouse cells. In experiments with human preadipocytes, they found that both 0.05 and 0.25 μM BPA-G stimulated fat cell differentiation as determined by aP2 protein levels. However, co-exposure with fulves-trant—an estrogen-receptor (ER) antagonist used to treat some breast cancers—inhibited the changes that were seen with BPA-G alone.4 The authors also observed that BPA-G did not have direct estro-genic activity, unlike its parent compound BPA. At the same time, its effects on adipogenesis were inhibited by an ER antagonist. The authors suggest this could indicate an effect through nonclassical ER signaling—in other words, an effect that does not involve a direct interaction between the ER and DNA—but they acknowledge that other unidentified mechanisms also are possible.4 The authors included human cells in their experiments to assess whether there were differences in how different species respond. “As can be seen in the paper, the human cells were also responsive, ” says team leader Ella Atlas, a research scientist with Health Canada’s Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau. “We were surprised to find that BPA-G was active and that it seemed even more potent in the human preadipocytes.” BPA is used in a wide variety of products, including polycarbon-ate plastics, food and beverage containers, and coated papers (e.g.,
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.656 | 0.504 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".