REVIEWS OF BOOKS Building the Canadian West: The Land and Colonization Policies of
Bibliographic record
Abstract
land and colonization activities of railroads in Minnesota and the American Northwest. These have matchlessly prepared him to describe similar work of the Canadian Pacific Railway in Building the Cana-dian West. His familiarity with American railroad settlement serves him doubly in this volume, for he assumes the larger task of sketching Canadian Pacific projects against the background of American frontier experience. In Professor Hedges ' view, railroad colonization pro-grams north and south of the border were halves of a single great population movement. To both parts of this movement, Minnesota, by reason of geographic location, made essential contributions. From the Dominion government in 1881 the Canadian Pacific re-ceived a far-flung demesne traversing the " Canadian West " — Mani-toba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. There, through policies that were experimental, opportunistic, or visionary, the railroad founded and sustained a frontier civilization. Through its varying fortunes. Pro-fessor Hedges, attentive to both detail and sweep, recounts the Cana-dian Pacific's contributions to the quickening of Canadian life. To his larger assignment of integrating the American and Canadian immigration movements, the author applies himself assiduously. In almost every chapter he depicts similarities in the practices of Ameri-can railroads and the Canadian Pacific. But the projects of the latter were no slavish aping of American precedent; Dr. Hedges is insistent upon this point. The Dominion government created a system of land subsidy that was elastic, hence immensely superior to that of the United States. Moreover, the Canadian Pacific was obliged to ac-cept only lands " fairly fit for settlement. " Through its elaborate schemes of assisted settlement, in preference to simple land selling, it developed a program of colonization unequaled south of the forty-ninth parallel.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.016 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.033 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".