POPULATION & No. 472 SOCIETIES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The number and proportion of immigrants in the population: international comparisons The proportion of immigrants varies considerably from one country to another. In some countries it exceeds half the population while in others it is below 0.1%. Where are immigrants most numerous? Where do they come from? More generally, how are they distributed across the world? According to the United Nations [1], the United States is the country with the highest number of immigrants (foreign-born persons – see definitions in Box), with a total of 43 million in 2010, six times more than Saudi Arabia (7.3 million) or Canada (7.2 million) (Figure 1). However, proportionally to their population size, these two countries have twice as many immigrants: 28 % and 21%, respectively, versus 13 % in the United States. Looking at the ratio of immigrants to the total population, countries with a high proportion of immigrants can be divided into five types (1): – a first group of countries, sparsely populated but with abundant oil resources, where immigrants sometimes outnumber the native-born population. In 2010, the world’s highest proportions of immigrants were found in this group: Qatar (86%), United Arab Emirates (70%),
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.500 | 0.382 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".