CRYING FOR ELECTION REFORM: A THEME OF POLITICAL
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canada and India have a serious electoral problem of the First Past the Post (FPP) system. In a parliamentary riding (called constituency in India), the winner A has less than 50 % of the votes polled. Or, many a time, the runners up B and C had more votes combined than the winner A. The phenomenon – “B + C> A ”-- is formidable. The flaw in the electoral system transforms the elected body into an unrepresentative assembly. A large number of voters feel disenfranchised and they tend to feel their votes did not count. The voters ’ apathy leads to further diminished participation in elections. In 2008, only 58.9 % voters exercised their franchise in Canada (“Voter turnout drops to record low. ” www.cbc.ca / October 15, 2008). The highest voter turnout was in P.E.I., where 69.5 per cent of registered voters took part in the election. The lowest turnout was recorded in Newfoundland and Labrador, where just 48.1 % of registered voters cast their ballots. In India, the voters ’ participation ranges from 40-60%. THE MALADY In 1983 parliamentary election, the conservatives in Canada received the highest
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.017 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.019 | 0.040 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.015 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.008 | 0.015 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".