Age at Migration, Language and Fertility transitions among Migrants to Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper explores the fertility decisions of Canadian immigrants using the 20 percent sample of the Canadian Census of Population for the years 1991 through 2006. We focus on those migrating as children, to assess the process of assimilation in terms of fertility. Our analysis shows that the sharp discontinuities by age at migration that are typically observed regarding the effect of assimilation on education or labor market outcomes are not present in fertility outcomes. Rather, there is an inverted U shape relationship between age of migration and immigrant fertility, with those migrating in their late teens having the highest fertility rates when compared to the Canadian born. We find that this pattern occurs for all countries of origin, although at different paces. Further, language acquisition does not seem to be the key mechanism though which age at immigration affects fertility – fertility behaviour of immigrants with an official mother tongue also differs from that of natives. School integration, however, could be a channel through which age at immigration affects fertility. JEL code: J13 PRELIMINARY. PLEASE DO NOT CIRCULATE WITHOUT
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".