OG.3.2.04 A New Measurement of the Atmospheric Proton and Muon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report on a new measurement of the momentum spectra of protons as well as of positive and negative muons as a function of atmospheric depth in the momentum ranges 0.5-40, 0.3-2 and 0.3-40 GeV/c, re-spectively. The measurements were carried out by the CAPRICE94 experiment from Lynn Lake, Manitoba, Canada, 8-9 August 1994. The measured muon flux values have been compared with the spectra obtained from one dimensional simulations, which were carried out to interpret the atmospheric neutrino data. We find that our data of the absolute muon flux disagree with the results from these simulations. The ratio of the muon flux derived from simulations to that measured is at largest 1.8 and varies with atmospheric depth and muon momentum. Also the measured ratio of the flux of positive and negative muons at 3.9 g/cm2 overburden differs significantly from the simulations. The atmospheric proton flux could be a valuable independent cross-check of the simulation results. 1
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".