Transportation Association of Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Managing congestion is the key objective for many road improvements. However, standard planning strategies that are used to assess improvements for road sections with recurring congestion tend to consider only levels of service or broad estimates of benefits. To date, these strategies generally have not accounted for congestion or its costs in the benefit-cost analysis. The inclusion of monetary criteria, while not the sole basis for decision-making, allows stakeholders to understand the full benefits and costs of alternative actions. To this end, unique methods to measure and quantify costs of congestion for Canadian cities were recently developed. Using existing volume and speed data, and drawing upon these quantification methods, changes in congestion that would be expected with various improvements can be assessed. These congestion changes are measured in terms of travel times [delay] and speeds, fuel consumption, air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. Costs to these impacts in terms of values of time for autos and trucks, fuel prices and costs of pollutants and greenhouse gases are established to
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.448 | 0.252 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".