Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The First World War caused major disruptions for the Canadian economy in terms of factor mobility and diversion of resources. European immigration and British capital imports stopped, and over a quarter of military-aged men served in the armed forces. The war appears to have had long-term effects on regional wage and price structures within Canada, and relative to the northern U.S. This paper uses federal government records listing expenditures across the country by the armed forces to study changes in supply patterns and prices by region over 1912-19. Production and distribution networks within Canada underwent substantial transformation as a result of wartime demand. We thank Mirza Trokic for excellent research assistance, and the SSHRC for financial support. Herb Emery kindly supplied us with electronic versions of the Labour Gazette retail price data. 1The First World War was extremely divisive within Canadian society. The issue of conscription split the country, resulting in decades of bitterness for those on both sides of the debate. In economic terms, the First World War was a big war for Canada. Over 25 % of Canadian men of military age served in the armed forces, and roughly 10 % of those mobilized died. By contrast, in the U.S., only about 17 % served, and less than 3 % of those mobilized died
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.771 | 0.585 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".