Greenhouse Gas Emissions at the Urban Scale TOP-DOWN VERSUS BOTTOM-UP ESTIMATES OF GREENHOUSE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Total anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2004 totaled approximately 49 Gt CO2 equivalent (CO2e)3, representing a 70 % increase since 1970 (Rogner et al. 2007). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 4th Assessment Report concluded with “very high confi-dence ” that the net effect of human activities since 1750 has resulted in “positive ” radiative forcing (i.e. incoming energy greater than outgoing energy) of approximately 1.6 W m–2 (Solomon et al. 2007). Global atmospheric concentrations of CO2 now greatly exceed their natural range over the last 650,000 years, while atmospheric CH4 and N2O greatly exceed their natural ranges over the last several thousand years (Solomon et al. 2007). More than 50 % of the world’s population now lives in urban areas. Recent bottom-up4 estimates for approximately 100 cities across the globe (Hoornweg et al. 2011) have given annual per capita GHG emissions ranging from more than 15 tons CO2e (Sydney, Calgary, Stuttgart, and several major US cities) to less than half a ton (various cities in
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".