Greenhouse Gas Emissions at the Urban Scale TOP-DOWN VERSUS BOTTOM-UP ESTIMATES OF GREENHOUSE
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Total anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2004 totaled approximately 49 Gt CO2 equivalent (CO2e)3, representing a 70 % increase since 1970 (Rogner et al. 2007). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 4th Assessment Report concluded with “very high confi-dence ” that the net effect of human activities since 1750 has resulted in “positive ” radiative forcing (i.e. incoming energy greater than outgoing energy) of approximately 1.6 W m–2 (Solomon et al. 2007). Global atmospheric concentrations of CO2 now greatly exceed their natural range over the last 650,000 years, while atmospheric CH4 and N2O greatly exceed their natural ranges over the last several thousand years (Solomon et al. 2007). More than 50 % of the world’s population now lives in urban areas. Recent bottom-up4 estimates for approximately 100 cities across the globe (Hoornweg et al. 2011) have given annual per capita GHG emissions ranging from more than 15 tons CO2e (Sydney, Calgary, Stuttgart, and several major US cities) to less than half a ton (various cities in
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.062 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it