The Invisible Labor of Women in the Construction of the National Football League’s Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy and Concussion Crisis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The origin story of the National Football League’s concussion crisis and the link between chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and football have mostly been portrayed through discourses led by scientists, athletes, and sports organizations, with the wives, daughters, and family members of football players largely remaining tertiary characters in this story. In this paper, we show how women are engines of the concussion and CTE crisis in the National Football League, whose work is vital both in the science and public understanding of CTE. However, we show the economic power of football constrains their messages. We argue that these women can capture the discursive space to talk about CTE largely because of the cultural resonance of football, though paradoxically, is it this same cultural resonance that denies them credibility as messengers and victims.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.024 | 0.044 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".