Microstructure and electrical properties of spark plasma sintered Li1+xCexZr2-x(PO4)3 as solid electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, the microstructural and electrical characteristics of spark plasma sintered Li1+xCexZr2-x(PO4)3 solid electrolytes were investigated, specifically underlining the impacts of Ce substitution on their performance as Li-ion battery electrolytes. Samples with varying amounts of Ce (x = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) were synthesized via the conventional solid-state reaction method. The densified samples were systematically characterized using advanced techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase detection, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) for microstructural analysis, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) for elemental analysis. A significant improvement in densification and a subsequent reduction in porosity were observed in the SPSed samples, with the LZPC3 sample achieving a high relative density of 92.08%. The XRD and EDS analyses confirmed the formation of the main NASICON phase along with a Ce-rich secondary phase that segregated during the SPS process. Crucially, the Nyquist plot analysis revealed that Ce substitution did not hinder Li+ ion transport; instead, the overall ionic conductivity of the LZPC3 sample was substantially enhanced compared to the undoped LZP sample. This positive outcome is attributed to the aliovalent substitution (Ce3+ for Zr4+), effectively increasing the concentration of mobile charge carriers. The high densification and significant enhancement in ionic conductivity achieved through Ce doping and SPS processing demonstrate the potential of this composition for advanced solid-state electrolyte applications.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it