Microstructure and electrical properties of spark plasma sintered Li1+xCexZr2-x(PO4)3 as solid electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, the microstructural and electrical characteristics of spark plasma sintered Li1+xCexZr2-x(PO4)3 solid electrolytes were investigated, specifically underlining the impacts of Ce substitution on their performance as Li-ion battery electrolytes. Samples with varying amounts of Ce (x = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) were synthesized via the conventional solid-state reaction method. The densified samples were systematically characterized using advanced techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase detection, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) for microstructural analysis, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) for elemental analysis. A significant improvement in densification and a subsequent reduction in porosity were observed in the SPSed samples, with the LZPC3 sample achieving a high relative density of 92.08%. The XRD and EDS analyses confirmed the formation of the main NASICON phase along with a Ce-rich secondary phase that segregated during the SPS process. Crucially, the Nyquist plot analysis revealed that Ce substitution did not hinder Li+ ion transport; instead, the overall ionic conductivity of the LZPC3 sample was substantially enhanced compared to the undoped LZP sample. This positive outcome is attributed to the aliovalent substitution (Ce3+ for Zr4+), effectively increasing the concentration of mobile charge carriers. The high densification and significant enhancement in ionic conductivity achieved through Ce doping and SPS processing demonstrate the potential of this composition for advanced solid-state electrolyte applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".