The influence of smoking and occupational exposures on DNA methylation in the AHRR and F2RL3 genes.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: To determine the association between smoking and occupational exposures, and DNA methylation levels in the lung cancer-related genes, AHRR and F2RL3. Methods: CARTaGENE is the largest ongoing prospective cohort study in Quebec, Canada. Currently, a nested case-control study in CARTaGENE is examining the association between AHRR and F2RL3 gene methylation and lung cancer risk (200 cases; 400 controls). Using the methylation data measured from this nested case-control study, information on participants’ smoking behavior and longest-held occupation were obtained from questionnaires. Information on smoking status and, where applicable, the average number of cigarettes smoked, duration of smoking, and time since cessation, was parameterized into a cumulative smoking index (CSI, continuous). Occupational exposures were estimated using the Canadian Job Exposure Matrix. Eighteen agents present in the occupational environment that are also found in cigarette smoke were of interest. In DNA isolated from blood samples collected at baseline, methylation ratios of 40 CpG sites in the AHRR and F2RL3 genes were measured using the Sequenom Epityper. In each gene, average methylation levels across all CpG sites were calculated and parametrized as a continuous variable. Separate least squares regression models were used to estimate the associations between smoking and occupational exposures, and AHRR and F2RL3 methylation levels while adjusting for potential confounders identified using directed acyclic graphs. Results: In both genes, smoking was associated with lower average methylation levels after adjusting for confounding factors (AHRR: -0.014 per standard deviation increase in CSI, 95% CI: -0.019, -0.010; F2RL3: -0.019 per standard deviation increase in CSI, 95% CI: -0.025, -0.012). No association was found between the selected occupational exposures and average DNA methylation levels in the two genes. Conclusion: Our findings support the hypothesis that tobacco smoking is associated with DNA hypomethylation of the AHRR and F2RL3 genes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".