La responsabilité des administrateurs dans le régime de sanctions administratives pécuniaires en matière de protection de l’environnement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
With the adoption of the Act to amend the Environment Quality Act in order to reinforce compliance in 2011, the legislator came to establish a system of administrative monetary penalties for the protection of the environment. This new regime aims for a faster sanction that can be issued directly by the administrative power. This new sanction not only strengthens the applicability of the Environment Quality Act, but it also adds an additional burden to Quebec businesses. The objective of this thesis is to understand to what extent the system of administrative monetary penalties impacts the liability of administrators. To do this, we will first present the Environment Quality Act, which mainly governs the protection of the environment in Quebec, and above all describe the nature and objective of this system of administrative monetary penalties. Next, we will deal with certain aspects of this regime which have implications for administrator's liability. Finally, we will attempt to briefly introduce some of the observations we have made regarding the challenges and limitations of this administrative regime.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.024 | 0.032 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".