Hybridizing sisters: Evidence of bluegill-pumpkinseed hybridization in modified habitats at the confluence of two major Canadian waterways
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Urbanization and shoreline development are reshaping aquatic ecosystems, creating conditions that promote hybridization among fishes. This study investigates the potential hybridization between Bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus) and Pumpkinseed ( Lepomis gibbosus) at the confluence of two major Canadian waterways and compares it to a long-established hybridization in Lake Opinicon, Ontario. We genetically confirm 17 Bluegill–Pumpkinseed hybrids in Montreal’s West Island, marking the first documented occurrence in Quebec. Hybrids from Montreal showed clearer classification into simple hybrid categories, suggesting a more recent hybridization than that observed in Lake Opinicon. Morphological, dietary, and isotopic analyses indicate that hybrids in both locations are more distinct from Bluegill, with pure Pumpkinseed becoming increasingly rare in Lake Opinicon. Notably, hybrids in Montreal are concentrated in heavily modified habitats, where altered environmental conditions appear associated with hybridization. This study captures an early stage of introgressive hybridization and highlights the importance of preserving critical habitat conditions to maintain the genetic integrity of key native fish species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.026 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".