Psychiatric symptoms and cognitive impairment in patients with idiopathic cervical dystonia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Dystonia is defined as a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions, which cause abnormal and often repetitive movements and postures. Despite the definition exclusively related to motor aspects, recent studies show non-motor manifestations in patients diagnosed with dystonia. There has been great emphasis on aspects related to psychiatric disorders, cognitive impairment, pain, sleep and abnormalities in sensory perception and their importance as predictors of quality of life. Objective: Investigation of psychiatric symptoms and cognitive impairment in patients with idiopathic cervical dystonia in a tertiary center. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study including 31 patients diagnosed with isolated idiopathic cervical dystonia and 31 healthy control subjects matched by sex, age and education. The sample was evaluated by standardized scales and interviews to obtain data on psychiatric symptoms and cognitive disorders. The instruments used were Mental State Mini Exam, Brief Cognitive Test Battery, Digit symbol substitution test, Hayling Test, Facial Emotion Identification Test, Frontal Evaluation Test Battery, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale. Results: The psychiatric symptoms assessed in this study showed statistically significant differences in the prevalence of current depressive episode (38.7% and p=0.020) and depressive episode with melancholic symptoms (32.3% and p=0.003) among idiopathic cervical dystonia patients compared to the prevalence of 12.7% and 3.2% respectively among control group participants. Regarding cognitive aspects, no statistically significant difference was found in this study for results of tests applied to assess cognitive domains. A statistically significant difference was observed between patients with cervical and idiopathic dystonia and healthy control subjects to identify anger and neutral emotions (p<0.05) on the emotion recognition test. Conclusion: Our study showed no difference between cervical dystonia and control subjects in tests of visual and verbal episodic memory, attention, visuo-constructive skills and executive function. However, both the higher prevalence of depression and the facial emotion recognition test were capable of distinguishing patients with cervical dystonia in this study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".