Seed priming strategies to improve germination, reproductive traits, and yield of pea (Pisum sativum L.) under heat stress
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important food crop with the largest global production in Australia, Canada, India, Pakistan, Russia, the USA, and China. High temperatures affect the pollination processes, biomass accumulation, and seed yields, especially at the onset of flowering for legumes. Seed priming can mitigate these effects by increasing heat stress tolerance during the reproductive phase. The objectives of this study were to investigate how hydropriming and biostimulant priming with casein hydrolysate and proline affect seed germination in optimal temperatures, and how pollen viability, shoot biomass, and seed yield at 34/18°C day/night temperatures for two weeks, after the appearance of the first floral bud, were affected. The methods for seed priming involved soaking seeds in 100ml of distilled water for hydropriming, with the addition of 6% (w/v) and 0.02% (w/v) for proline and casein hydrolysate, respectively. For all experiments seeds were soaked for 24 hours, then air dried on germination paper for 24 hours for the laboratory germination experiments, and 72 hours for the greenhouse germination, pollen viability, and biomass and yield experiments. All seed priming treatments improved time to 50% germination and decreased the final germination percentage and radicle lengths in controlled lab conditions. All seed priming treatments decreased final germination percentage in glasshouse conditions. Acetocarmine staining, potassium triiodide staining, pollen germination, and pollen tube length measurements were used to evaluate pollen viability. Hydropriming and proline increased pollen cytoplasm and starch in heat stress conditions. Hydropriming increased pollen cytoplasm, and casein hydrolysate and proline increased pollen starch in glasshouse conditions. Heat stress caused flower abortion or early pod formation, and pollen germination and pollen tubes were not measured. Seed priming increased pollen germination by 28.4%, 24.7%, and 16.9% in proline, casein hydrolysate, and hydropriming, respectively, in glasshouse conditions. Pollen tube lengths increased by 0.074 and 0.06 mm with casein hydrolysate and proline, respectively. Heat stress reduced shoot biomass, seed weight, pod weight, seed number, and pod number. Seed priming decreased shoot biomass, pod weight, and pod number. Casein hydrolysate and proline increased seed weight by 0.08 g and 0.03 g, respectively. Hydropriming and casein hydrolysate increased seed number. All seed priming treatments decreased shoot biomass, seed weights, and seed number in glasshouse conditions. The outcomes of this study can benefit pea growers and plant physiologists by improving pollen viability during heat stress and providing an improved understanding of how seed priming and biostimulants affect seed germination, pollen viability, and seed yields.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".