Bibliographic record
Abstract
Context . M dwarfs are prime targets in the search for exoplanets because of their prevalence and because low-mass planets can be better detected with radial velocity (RV) methods. In particular, the near-infrared (NIR) spectral domain offers an increased RV sensitivity and potentially reduced stellar activity signals. Precise NIR RV measurements are strongly affected by telluric absorption lines from the Earth’s atmosphere, however. Aims . We searched for planets orbiting Gl 725 B, a nearby late-M dwarf located at 3.5 pc, using high-precision SPIRou RV observations. We also assessed the effect of telluric contamination on these measurements and evaluated the performance of the weighted principal component analysis reconstruction ( wapiti ) method, which is a weighted principal component analysis (wPCA) approach designed to mitigate these systematics and to improve the sensitivity of planet detections. Methods . Using synthetic and observational SPIRou data, we simulated the effect of telluric lines on RV data under varying barycentric Earth radial velocity (BERV) conditions. We then applied the wapiti method for identifying and correcting telluric-induced systematics in line-by-line RVs. The method was tested through an injection-recovery test on simulated data and was subsequently applied to real SPIRou observations of Gl 725 B. Results . wapiti successfully corrects telluric contamination in simulated and real datasets. This enhances the detectability and accuracy of planetary signals. In the corrected Gl 725 B dataset, we identified a two-planet system composed of a candidate inner planet (Gl 725 Bb), with periods of 4.765 ± 0.004 days and a semi-amplitude of 1.4 ± 0.3 m s −1 , and a confirmed planet Gl 725 Bc, with a period of 37.90 ± 0.17 days and a semi-amplitude of 1.7 ± 0.3 m s −1 . Their minimum mass is 1.5 ± 0.4 M ⊕ and of 3.5 ± 0.7 M ⊕ , respectively, and the outer planet is located in the habitable zone of its host star. Using a multi-dimensional Gaussian process framework to model and correct for stellar activity, we also recovered a stellar rotation period of 105.1 ± 3.3 days.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".