EQUESTRIAN AND HORSEMEN BURIALS OF THE 4th – 3rd CENTURIES BC FROM THE BURIAL GROUND OF STAROKORSUNSKAYA-2 SETTLEMENT
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fifteen horsemen burials dating to the 4th – 3rd centuries BC were excavated at the Starokorsunskoye-2 burial ground. The burials were made in wide rectangular pits, occasionally discernible only as soil discolorations. The deceased horsemen were interred stretched out on their backs, with their heads to the southeast or east-southeast. The buried were accompanied by horses, placed to the right or at the feet of the owner. In some cases, the whole carcass of a horse was replaced by a skin (stuffed animal) with cranial and limb elements. In two burials, equine skeletal remains were missing, but harness components were found in all the burials. In addition, grave goods comprised diverse inventory artifacts: weapons, amphorae and other imports, local pottery, and other items. The standard bridle assemblage consisted of two-piece bits with rigid cheek-devices and cheek-pieces of different types: two-hole rod-shaped, C-shaped, S-shaped, and paddle-shaped varieties. Protective horse equipment is represented by headplates and cheekplates. Warrior accoutrements incorporated Sindo-Maeotian-type swords, spears, arrows, and occasionally darts and combat knives. The general chronology of the burials is limited to the second quarter of the 4th to early 3rd century BC. Precise dating of most of the complexes is set within a quarter of a century on the basis of joint finds of Greek amphorae from different Mediterranean production centers. In general, the material shows that during the 4th – 3rd centuries BC, the Maeotians, who inhabited one of the largest settlements on the right bank of the Lower Kuban, maintained a stratified social structure with an equestrian elite. Their well-equipped cavalry was not inferior to a similar military contingent from the eastern frontiers of the Asian Bosporus and in the Trans-Kuban regions in either quality or sophistication.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".