Parametrizing alternating current stimulation for neuromodulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The clinical use of alternating current stimulation (ACS) has been confounded by heterogeneity in patient responses. Optimization of this treatment requires understanding the dependence of neuronal responses on ACS parameters. We sought to characterize neuronal responses across varying ACS frequencies and amplitudes and assess the extent to which changes in neuronal activity persist beyond the cessation of the stimulation, thereby informing ACS optimization pathways and evaluating the potential for sustained neuromodulation. We delivered subcutaneous ACS while recording intracortical electrophysiological activity in adult rats. We applied ACS for 1 or 20 minutes and analyzed ensuing spiking activity, power spectra, and low-frequency to high-frequency phase-amplitude coupling (LF-HF PAC). Both durations of ACS elicited a modulation of firing patterns (either in rate or entrainment) in most neurons, in a stimulation frequency- and amplitude-dependent manner. Changes in firing rate were more frequent, albeit modest, whereas changes in entrainment were rarer, but pronounced. Increasing ACS amplitude or frequency increased the degree of entrainment. Further, entrainment changes persisted beyond the 20-minute ACS, at half their online level. Neuronal power and LF-HF PAC increased proximal to excited, but decreased near suppressed neurons. Neuronal entrainment was observed alongside decreased power and LF-HF PAC. The prominent entrainment response to prolonged high-frequency ACS observed here supports the potential of ACS for facilitating signal integration and promoting functional reorganization via spike timing-dependent plasticity. In turn, we found broader temporal windows of excitation under low ACS frequencies engendered greater variability in spike timing, which may be utilized to reduce hypersynchronous or task-irrelevant activity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".