Bibliographic record
Abstract
Salvelinus fontinalis Common name. Brook charr. Diagnosis. Distinguished from species of Salmo and Oncorhynchus in West Asia by: ● lateral-line scales very elliptical, reduced to little more than nerve tube, smaller than scales in adjacent rows, with no or little overlap with scales in front or behind / ● back, dorsal and caudal with pale-brown or grey spots or vermiculated / ○ pectoral, pelvic and anal with white margin followed by a black submarginal line / ○ flank with pink or red spots, some bluish / ○ juvenile with 8–10 parr marks. Size up to about 500 mm SL. Distribution. Very locally stocked in Caucasus and Türkiye. Unclear if established. Native to North America from Hudson Bay basin and northeastern Canada south to upper Mississippi, east to coast of New Jersey and northern Georgia. Widespread in North and South America, Europe, Asia and southern Africa. Found throughout Europe, especially in high-altitude streams and lakes, but rarely confirmed as established. Established populations documented from high-altitude lakes and streams in Corsica, Italy, Czech Republic, southern Germany (list probably not exhaustive). Habitat. Cold and moderately to rapidly flowing mountain streams. In North America, northern populations also in lakes and rivers. Spawns in gravel in fast-flowing streams or in lakes. Occasionally established in nutrient-poor lakes, high mountains or acidic streams. Biology. Lives up to 15 years. First spawns at 1–2 years in central and southern Europe, 3–4 years in northern Europe. Spawns in October–November, earlier in north, usually at 3–10°C. Females build redds. Eggs hatch in spring. Only non-anadromous populations in Europe. Anadromous in North America. Feeds on aquatic invertebrates and small fish. Territorial, of equal size, dominated by Salmo trutta, whose presence limits its distribution. Artificial hybrids with Salmo trutta (tiger trout) are occasionally stocked. Conservation status. Non-native; introduced for recreational fisheries. Further reading. Scott & Crossman 1973 (biology); Jenkins & Burkhead 1993 (biology).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".