Bibliographic record
Abstract
Petromyzon marinus Common name. Sea lamprey. Diagnosis. Distinguished from other species of family in West Asia by: ● adults grey to yellow with dark-brown blotches, no blotches in juveniles / ○ supraoral lamina short, with two adjacent teeth / ● infraoral lamina with 7–8 large, sharp teeth / ○ oral disc wider than body width / ○ many small teeth on oral disc, in regular backward-curved radiating rows / ○ all teeth sharp / ● 66–75 trunk myomeres / ○ ammocoetes with black pigment on caudal. Size up to 1200 mm TL. Distribution. Occurs very irregularly in Mediterranean rivers in Türkiye. Widespread on both sides of North Atlantic, north to Iceland, and along Norwegian coast to Barents Sea (Ura, Kola Peninsula). North Sea, Baltic, and western and central Mediterranean basins very rare in eastern Mediterranean and Baltic basins. Several land-locked populations in North America. Habitat. Adults at sea offshore. Spawns in strong-current habitats of rivers and streams. Ammocoetes in detritus-rich sand or clay sediments. Biology. Anadromous, parasitic. Adults migrate to rivers in autumn and winter.Spawns in pairs,April–July,mostly in May and early June,when temperatures reach at least 15°C.Spawning individuals stop their normal daylight avoidance response and breed on sunny days.Male dig a shallow nest in areas with strong currents. Ammocoete stage lasts 5½–7½ years. Feeds on diatoms and detritus, metamorphoses at 130–150 mm TL in late summer, and migrates to sea. Adults parasitise various fish species at sea,even whales and other cetaceans.It usually does not kill its hosts but feeds on small amounts of blood and body fluid from a single host for several days. Adults feed for about 3 years before migrating to spawning grounds. Conservation status. LC; rare but widespread. Populations in Europe, which had declined due to pollution, have recovered since the 1980s but appear to be declining again in recent years. Remarks. In 1921, 90 years after opening of the Welland Canal, the Lake Ontario population entered other Great Lakes of North America. Combined with other factors, this caused a sharp decline in many native species and the extinction of three endemic coregonids. Further reading. Potter & Osborne 1975 (identification); Hardisty 1986b (biology); Rodríguez-Muñoz et al. 2004 (genetics); Çevik et al. 2010 (record in Türkiye).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.026 | 0.012 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".