Prevalence and phylogenetic relationships of Hepatozoon species infecting frogs of Nova Scotia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Species of the genus Hepatozoon are unicellular parasites of the protistan phylum Apicomplexa. Two species of Hepatozoon, H. catesbianae and H. clamatae, have previously been described inhabiting the erythrocytes of bullfrogs and green frogs in New York and Ontario. A number of the characteristics typically used to distinguish between members of this genus are shared between these two species, prompting speculation as to whether or not these organisms are in fact distinct species. Bullfrogs and green frogs were captured at various sites across Nova Scotia, blood samples were collected and analyzed for Hepatozoon parasites, and DNA was extracted from samples containing the parasites. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) region of the nuclear rRNA genes from geographically diverse samples of both species was then sequenced and analyzed for nucleotide polymorphisms. Isolates of the two species found in Nova Scotia were separated by six polymorphic sites in their ITS-1 sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of this molecular data places each species in separate monophyletic groups. Comparison of the ITS-1 sequences between isolates from Nova Scotia and Ontario revealed that ITS-1 sequences of H. catesbianae from a previous study were mischaracterized as being those of H. clamatae. Phylogenetic data based on molecular variation and host cell cytopathology from this study provides the strongest evidence to date supporting the distinction between H. catesbianae and H. clamatae as separate species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".