Potential Use of Algerian Metallurgical Slag in the Manufacture of Sanitary Ceramic Bodies and Its Effect on the Physical-Mechanical and Structural Properties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A study of the partial substitution of feldspar by Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) and its effects on the properties of sanitary ceramics, has been carried out. Characterization of rheological behavior, thermal, structural, physical, and mechanical properties of fired sanitary-ware bodies, show that 10wt. % is the optimal value for BFS in the formulation of sanitary ceramic. DRX, SEM, and FT-IR analyses confirmed that the starting crystalline phases (quartz and mullite), with the gradual appearance of anorthite, allow a non-negligible improvement in flexural strength (33 to 38 MPa), and a reduction in water absorption (0.35 to 0.10 %). From DTA/TG data, a little change in weight loss during the firing process (8.83 to 9.66 wt. %), was recorded. The Na-electrolytes with a mass ratio Na2CO3/ Na2SiO3 = 1.5, and a combined mass percentage (0.375 wt. %), are found to give the optimum values for good quality sanitary ceramic slip.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".