Weed classification in sugarcane fields in Northeast Thailand from multi-temporal Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data together with random forest algorithm
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Timely and accurate weed detection is essential for sustainable crop production and management. The integration of multiple satellite data sources with powerful machine learning has transformed precision agriculture by enhancing the accuracy and automation of object classification, enabling large-scale analysis and real-time predictions. However, challenges remain in effectively managing agricultural practices, particularly in weed control. This study employed Sentinel-1 (S1) and Sentinel-2 (S2) satellite data, combined with vegetation indices and random forest (RF) classification algorithm, to map weed presence in sugarcane fields in Northeastern Thailand. The large number of reference data consisting of 744 points was utilized to train and validate weed identification. The combined S1 and S2 dataset significantly enhanced the detection capabilities of the best RF model, achieving an overall classification result of 96 % accuracy and F1 scores exceeding 93 %. While overall weed levels were low, several high-density zones were clearly detected, underscoring the importance of targeted weed management. The combination of S1 and S2 data improved classification performance, addressing challenges posed by mixed pixels in small fields. Stratifying weed density provided deeper insights into field variability over the large scale. Our work presents a scientifically robust and operationally scalable framework for monitoring weed infestations in sugarcane cultivation. The proposed approach demonstrates strong potential for advancing sustainable precision agriculture by facilitating timely and spatially precise interventions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".