Self-care knowledge among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in UiTM Clinical Training Centre (CTC), Sungai Buloh: a cross-sectional survey
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex disease requires continuous medical interventions coupled with patient-driven self-care activities performed outside of clinic setting. Despite the availability of different medicines, less than a quarter of patients in Malaysia achieved good glycaemic control. Therefore, self-care practices among Malaysians with diabetes mellitus urgently need to be explored. Objectives: This study aimed to (1) assess self-care knowledge among individuals with T2DM; (2) explore factors affecting diabetes self-care knowledge; (3) determine relationship between self-care knowledge and glycaemic control; (4) solicit patients’ opinions on difficulties and helpful aspects in managing diabetes. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted for 4 months and a half at UiTM Clinical Training Centre, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia. Using a pre-validated questionnaire, investigators conveniently surveyed patients diagnosed with T2DM who were waiting at the endocrinology clinic and out-patient pharmacy. Total knowledge scores were calculated based on correct responses provided. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS, version 20 with a priori of less than 0.05 considered to be significant. Results: 79 questionnaires were distributed but only 76 respondents completed the survey, with a response rate of 96.2%. The age range of the respondents was 57-61 years old. Most respondents were males (51.3%), Malays (84.2%) and had completed tertiary education (92.4%). The mean duration of respondents diagnosed with T2DM was 11.74 ± 8.04 years. The mean of HbAic from 45 respondents was 7.7 ± 1.67% while the mean of fasting blood glucose from 58 respondents was 8.5 ± 3.03 mmol/L. Majority of the respondents (69.7%) had high diabetes self-care knowledge, significantly associated with the household monthly income (p = 0.018). A significant but weak positive correlation was noticed between knowledge scores and fasting blood glucose (r = 0.278, p = 0.034). Patients expressed that controlling diet was among the toughest yet most helpful aspect in managing diabetes. Conclusions: Several diabetes self-care knowledge gaps were identified from this study despite a large proportion of respondents achieved high knowledge scores. These knowledge weaknesses warrant reinforcement in order to optimize diabetes care among patients with T2DM.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".