Rapid and late cosmic reionization driven by massive galaxies: a joint analysis of constraints from 21-cm, Lyman line, and CMB data sets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to the referee for their thoughtful suggestions that improved the manuscript. PHS acknowledges partial support for this work through funding from the Canada 150 Research Chairs Program and a fellowship from the McGill Space Institute. PHS thanks Jiten Dhandha, Adrian Liu, Andrei Mesinger, Jonathan Sievers, and Irina Stefan for valuable discussions and Irina Stefan for helpful comments on a draft of this manuscript. HTJB acknowledges support from the Kavli Institute for Cosmology, Cambridge, the Kavli Foundation, and St Edmunds College, Cambridge. DA acknowledges support from the Science and Technologies Facilities Council. RB acknowledges the support of the Israel Science Foundation (grant no. 1078/24).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".