Changes In Agricultural Land Use and the Effectiveness of Protected Areas: Impacts on the Occurrence of Three Grassland Bird Species in the Carden Plain of Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We measure changes in occurrence (i.e., presence/absence) of three grassland bird species in the Carden Plain, between 2001 to 2005 and 2015 to 2016, by comparing point count results of the 2001–2005 Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas (OBBA) to repeated point counts at the same sites in the more recent period. We examine associations between changes of occurrence and habitat change and protection status of the survey locations for the three most commonly occurring species of Ontario grassland birds (Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus; Eastern Meadowlark, Sturnella magna; and Savannah Sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis), all of which have experienced population declines in Ontario of between 2.75% and 3.87% annually between 1970 and 2019. There was no relationship between changes in the occurrence of these species and the protection designation of sites. Changes in occurrence had a significant association with change in habitat, for all three species with losses of occurrence between the two time periods associated with either shrub succession or conversion to row crops. For Bobolinks and Eastern Meadowlarks, all sites that were converted to row crops lost birds. For Bobolinks, sites experiencing shrub encroachment were also more likely to experience losses. Savannah Sparrows were present in the current period on three of the 10 sites that had been tilled since the OBBA. Gains of all three species were most likely when there had been no change in habitats between the two periods. We suggest targeted removal of trees and shrubs in the Carden Plain on sites where shrubs have not fully established, to help to maintain a healthy grassland bird community.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".