Una hipótesis sobre los orígenes conceptuales del populismo y los movimientos nacionales-populares en América Latina
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article traces the conceptual origins of populism and national-popular movements in Latin America. It proposes the hypothesis that the publication in the last quarter of 1961 of issue 4 of the journal Sociologie du Travail constituted the decisive moment in the emergence of these concepts in the region. In that issue, Gino Germani and Alain Touraine “scientifically” framed the problem, and projected it to a very broad geography, which encompassed the whole of the Latin American continent. The article explores the contributions of Germani and Touraine to point out the diversity of actors, geographies and meanings involved in the process in question, and proposes, on this basis, to think of populism as a concept-network that united different places (Buenos Aires, São Paulo, Paris and Harvard) and condensed, from its very origins, different meanings and evaluations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.032 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".