Investigating the Role of Marine Redox Conditions and Orbital Forcings in an Early Silurian Mass Extinction (Ireviken Event): A Deeper Water Perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Ireviken carbon isotope excursion (CIE) was a large-magnitude positive shift in δ13C values that is recorded in early Silurian (~432 Ma; Llandovery-Wenlock boundary) strata globally. Associated with this CIE is a marine mass extinction, the Ireviken Event (murchisoni Event in graptolites), during which approximately 80% of conodont and graptolite fauna went extinct, along with a ~50% reductions in trilobites and brachiopods, as well as a decline in corals, chitinozoans, and acritarchs (organic-walled phytoplankton group). Previous paleoredox studies of carbonate sequences throughout the Ireviken CIE and extinction event intervals have shown evidence for widespread euxinic (anoxic + sulfidic) conditions during this time in the Silurian oceans providing a possible causal mechanism for both of these linked biogeochemical events. This study investigates two localities that preserve deeper marine basinal mudstone/shale sequences to further test this redox-based hypothesis: the Baltic Basin (Latvia) and the Cape Phillips Basin (Bathurst Island, Arctic Canada). A set of local paleoredox proxies for both sites (34Spyr, [Mo, V, Mn], Fe-speciation) are utilized to constrain local marine water column conditions throughout the study interval. Additionally, samples were analyzed from both sections for thallium isotopes (205Tl), a global paleoredox proxy for Mn-oxide burial in the oceans. Local paleoredox proxy records (Fe-speciation and [Mn]) indicate both deeper water sections were reducing throughout the Ireviken CIE interval. Pyrite sulfur isotopes from multiple paleocean basins co-vary with previous 34SCAS datasets, both records indicate global pyrite burial initiated at the onset of the Ireviken CIE and continued throughout the peak carbon isotope interval. The new thallium isotope data presented herein suggest the global oceans were more reducing prior to the CIE interval and during the early stages of the marine extinction event, subsequently this interval was followed by a brief oxic event during the rising limb of the CIE and later stages of the extinction event. The thallium isotope data indicate a return to more reducing conditions globally during peak CIE and falling limb values. This study presents new insights and constraints on paleoredox conditions during this interval of the early Silurian suggesting a more complex marine redox history associated with the Ireviken extinction event and CIE. This study also presents a new mathematical model, deriving glacial ice growth from global precipitation, generated from a Milankovitch forcing mechanism which influenced glacial ice sheet growth and 5th order eustatic sea-level fluctuations throughout the Llandovery-Wenlock boundary.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".