Arms Exports and Access to Justice: Enforcing International Law through Domestic Courts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since 8 October 2023, the day after Hamas’s attack on Israel, arms exports have been the subject of much debate. After spiking in 2023 (see report concerning Germany), exports have since declined. Governments in Canada, Belgium, Italy, and Spain have voluntarily suspended trade. Others, such as the Dutch Government, have done so after legal action in domestic courts. In fact, domestic cases are proliferating and have been strengthened by UN reports that confirm serious violations of international law, particularly international humanitarian law (IHL – see here and here). While the proceedings before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) have received significant attention, domestic legal proceedings – with the exception of a recent Dutch case – have received comparatively little coverage. This is surprising, as domestic courts may provide a faster and more effective avenue for enforcing international law. This blog provides an overview of cases in Germany, the UK, France, and Denmark, focusing on a common problem facing litigants: access to justice. But first, some context.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.016 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.055 | 0.010 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".