Photonic crystal modulator using cadmium oxide epsilon-near-zero material in a shoulder-coupled resonant cavity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A high extinction ratio modulator using the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) material of cadmium oxide (CdO) is proposed. The proposed device consists of a shoulder-coupled cavity at the middle of a photonic crystal (PC) structure where input light is coupled through a PC line defect waveguide. The shoulder-coupled resonant cavity is infiltrated with high mobility CdO. The structure is simulated by the two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method. According to the presented results, a high extinction ratio of 21.32 dB as well as a low insertion loss of 0.22 dB around the operating wavelength of 1.55 μm are achieved when a low voltage of 3.18 V is applied to the ENZ material. The modulation speed is as high as 14.4 GHz. Owing to the high quality-factor resonance of 1244, a strong field localization in the microcavity is obtained. The proposed modulator based on the high-mobility ENZ material of CdO could have a promising impact on future optical communications systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".