Islamic spiritual leaders in Tobolsk Governorate at the turn of the century — a case study of the First General Population Census of the Russian Empire of 1897
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article has been prepared based on the data from schedules of the First General Population Census of the Russian Empire in 1897. The publication presents materials on 185 Islamic spiritual leaders who served as imams and muezzins. Analysis of the provided data revealed that the majority of those clergymen were not native to the area (66.8 %), with Bukharans accounting for 25.9 %, and a significant minority being state peasants (7.3 %). The mean age of an imams was 45 years of age, whereas that of muezzins averaged at 49. An overwhelming majority of Islamic leaders were born in the Tobolsk Governorate. The findings demonstrate that some faith lea-ders practiced polygyny. All imams and nearly all muezzins were educated people, literate in Arabic and Tatar, however only a small percentage of imams were proficient in the Russian language. Religious activities consti-tuted the primary occupation for half of imams and a third of muezzins. Among these, for a quarter of imams and muezzins, this activity was the sole source of income.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".