Glass in funerary context – a case study of the eastern necropolis of Naissus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Naissus (Niš, SRB) was one of the larger cities in the interior of the province of Dacia Mediterranea, situated at an important Balkan crossroads. The backbone of the city's economy was agriculture, metal processing (due to the proximity of mines), crafts, and trade. In late antiquity, a state military factory was active, producing weapons for the Roman army. The city was an occasional residence of emperors, among whom Licinius, Constantine I and his successors left a visible mark. The inhabitants of Naissus were buried in the city's necropolises, located along the main provincial highways (Glasija, Gradsko Polje, Jagodin Mala, Trg Kralja Milana), or in smaller necropolises on the outskirts of the city (Apelovac, Ćele Kula, etc.). So far, the eastern city necropolis in the Jagodin Mala city quarter has been the best studied, with approximately 900 registered graves, tombs, and five cemetery basilicas. Various forms of graves and tombs have been recorded in the necropolis of Jagodin Mala, along with numerous inventories that most often consisted of personal jewellery and costume parts. Among the grave goods, the most numerous are glass vessels, with approximately 150 finds of balsamaria, jugs, bottles, beakers, and amphorae. Glass jewellery has also been recorded, including glass bracelets, earrings, and necklaces with glass beads. The results of decades of archaeological research at the Jagodin Mala necropolis, complemented by a comprehensive review of its glass material, offer insight into the funerary customs of the city's population during the transition from paganism to Christianity. With this contribution, we aim to provide insight into the relationship between glass finds and grave forms within a topographical and chronological context, and to determine a more precise time frame and circumstances for the cessation of the funerary practice of placing glass next to the deceased.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".