Ecological performance of goldfish (Carassius auratus) populations under current and near-future climatic conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The establishment success and ecological impacts of invasive species are highly context-dependent, mediated by various factors warranting consideration in risk assessment. Two such factors are an invader’s origin and its response to co-occurring anthropogenic stressors, such as climate change. This research examined population-level variation in the foraging ability, temperature tolerance and cognitive performance of goldfish (Carassius auratus), a globally invasive species that is ubiquitous in the pet trade and becoming locally superabundant in southern Canada. I hypothesized that feral goldfish populations would exhibit greater ecological performance owing to selection in natural and urban ecosystems. To determine relative performance of goldfish populations, the feeding efficiency (functional responses) of goldfish from urban ponds, natural water bodies, and pet stores was measured at 18°C and 26°C, representing current and projected mean summer surface water temperatures, respectively, for the lower Great Lakes region. The critical thermal maxima (CTmax) of goldfish from these populations were assessed following chronic acclimatization to both study temperatures. Finally, I compared the performance of cultivated and feral goldfish navigating a simple maze to access a food reward upon completion. I found that goldfish displayed higher functional response parameters and CTmax at 26°C. Feral goldfish from urban and natural ecosystems had higher maximum feeding rates (foraging efficiency at high prey densities) than cultivated goldfish at all temperatures, as they spent significantly less time handling prey. However, feral fish required more time to complete the maze experiment than cultivated fish, possibly due to increased neophobia due to selection in predator-rich environments. Overall, these results indicate that both feral and cultivated goldfish have elevated temperature tolerance and feeding efficiency under projected temperatures. Population-level variation in goldfish behaviour and foraging suggests that the boldness and learning ability of cultivated goldfish may facilitate colonization of novel environments and that selection in feral populations increases the consumptive effects of this invasive species
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".